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Healing Voices









                          Central Nervous  System  Cognitive and mental   status changes  Motor and sensory   neuropathies   related to trauma  Vitamin deficiencies   or other diseases  Damage to individual   nerves or groups of   nerves   Cranial nerve deficits   Increased sensitivity   to pain  Numbness  Increased sensitivity   to the senses and/  or change in position   and temperature













                          Genitourinary  System  In females  Bruises, cuts, tears  Bleeding or vaginal   discharge  Sexually transmitted   infections   (including human   immunodeficiency virus)  Scarring and deformity   In males  Pain and sensitivity  Collection of blood or   fluid in the scrotum  Testicular torsion  Erectile dysfunction  Shrinkage of the   testicles and scarring   Anal region: fissures,   rectal tears, scarring,   skin tags and drainage











                     (adapted, Piwowarczyk et al., 2000) Table 1. Some Common Physical Findings in Torture Survivors  Musculoskeletal  Chest/  System  Abdomen  Musculoskeletal  Lesions of the   aches and pains   skin  Changes in  Pain, tenderness   mobility of joints and discomfort   related to   Pain with motion,  injuries of the   chronic loss of  muscles, ribs   joint motion due to  or abdominal   structural changes   organs  in nonbony tissue  Retroperitoneal,   Strength changes























                                 Evidence of fracture,   swelling  nerves  dislocation of the lens,   visual loss  Ears: eardrum rupture,   the ear   Nose: alignment and   deviation of the nasal   septum  Jaw, oropharynx, neck:   of teeth, broken teeth,   dislocated fillings and   and lesions

                          Face        or pain; examination of all   Eyes: bleeding in the eye   or its support structures,   hearing loss, drainage from   dislocation or fracture of  the jaw, temporomandibular  joint syndrome, disturbance  of the voice box, bleeding or  inflammation of the gums   Oral cavity/teeth: removal   broken prostheses, dental  cavities, gum inflammation










                                 Generalized skin   disease including   signs of vitamins   A, B and C   deficiencies  Pretorture lesions  Lesions inflicted   by torture, such   as bruises, cuts,   burns from   cigarettes or   Electrical injuries  Baldness  Nail removal  Lesions   (localizations,   symmetry,  shape, size, color   and surface)
                          Skin                              puncture wounds,   heated instruments








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